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Scholarly Articles
A Glance at the Biggest Venture of Genetics
Ms. H.K. Ranasinghe, AH/MLS/2018/235, Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Have you ever wondered how people are
different from each other despite of having so
many similarities? The genome is the answer.
The genome is the complete sequence of
nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA
and all the genes it contains, which play a
pivotal role in the existence of the organism.

There are three billion base pairs in the human the need of the protein production of the
genome consisting of 20,000-25,000 genes with particular gene. The genetic map provides
approximately 3000 bases in each. Strikingly landmarks of the genes that approximate the
99.9% of the genome is the same for all human location of a gene to a specific region on a
beings with only 0.1% of the base pairs making specific chromosome. These landmarks are
each of us unique. In addition, around 98% evenly spaced along the chromosome and work
human genome is similar to that of the primate- similar to a geographical map having several
Chimpanzee (Suntsova and Buzdin, 2020). cities in an area. Physical mapping generates sets
of overlapping DNA fragments that span regions
or even entire chromosomes, which are cloned
The Human Genome Project (HGP) and frozen for future requirements. Finally, the
genome is sequenced after the above steps. It
The human genome project aimed to map the involves amplification of DNA by cloning or
complete sequence of nucleotide base pairs of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and two
the human genome. The 3-billion-dollar project sequencing strategies, which are Shotgun
was formerly launched by the United States sequencing method and Sanger method (Collins,
Department of Energy (DOE) and National Ph and Fink, 1994).
Institute of Health (NIH) and became the largest
collaborative biological project with the
sponsorship of some private organizations and
countries like the United States, United
Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Japan, France and
China. It spanned from 1990 to 2003 with 13
years for the accomplishment. The pioneers of
HGP were James Watson and Francis Collins.

The scientists occupied three main research
tools to elaborate the sequence known as
Positional cloning, Genetic map and Physical
map. The positional cloning will directly
identify genes at a specific sequence without

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