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the anti-microbials lead to AMR. These Drug-resistant infections cause a huge
resistant micro-organisms may not cause any economic loss to the world. According to one
harm in normal conditions. However, those of the estimations done, the world could lose
can cause invasive diseases in special cases over 100 trillion US$ due to drug-resistant
like immunosuppressed conditions. These infections between the present and the year
resistant microbes can be easily transmitted 2050 (Littmann et al., 2020).
among persons even via carriers who are
asymptomatic. Therefore, in the management of these types
of infections, infected patients should be
Sometimes AMR can be occurred due to isolated and quarantined to reduce the spread.
diagnosis errors (eg: diagnosing a viral These types of social distancing procedures
infection of the respiratory tract as a bacterial may cause psychological effects on humans
infection), inability to receive proper (Littmann et al., 2020).
diagnostic procedures and laboratory test
results on time, misperception about the Prevention of AMR
antimicrobials (eg: benefits outweigh risks)
and use of anti-microbials as over the counter New drugs and treatment methods are
medicines (especially antibiotics). Most of the important for infections that have nearly
time people in developing countries are unable become resistant to all the available anti-
to afford second-line antibiotics. As a result of microbials (eg: multi-drug resistant bacteria).
this issue, resistant strains spread widely. Among those, vaccines are more effective.
Vaccines not only prevent infections but also
The drug-resistant micro-organisms can be reduce erotic use of antibiotics in viral
transmitted within a population via physical infections. However, the global cannot rely on
contacts, oro-faecal routes, sexual drugs completely. Because there is a high
transmission, vectors, and also through the probability to have resistant pathogens for
contaminated food and water due to poor those drugs with time. It leads to a continuous
hygiene practices. problem.
In addition, there is a large-scale use of anti- Research and surveillance are also important
microbials (specially antibiotics) in agriculture in the prevention of AMR. Research studies
and aquaculture which leads to AMR. Those on microbiology, new drug inventions, and
resistant organisms can cause unfavorable access to better health systems help to reduce
effects on both animals and humans. Such the occurrence and spread of resistant
resistant microbes can be transmitted to pathogens.
humans either directly via contact and meat
consumption or indirectly via contaminated The most important step towards the
environments and food chains (Cheesbrough, prevention of AMR is having public
2006; Littmann, Viens and Silva, 2020). awareness on the rational use of
antimicrobials. It may guide them to use
Consequences of AMR antimicrobials only where necessary at right
According to an appraisal published in 2015 a time for the right person.
minimum of 700 000 deaths occurs globally
due to AMR in a year. They have estimated Reduction in antimicrobial use in the
that it could increase up to ten million by agricultural setting can be reduced by
2050. They have included only six pathogens managing the spread of infections between
in their study. Hence, the actual numbers can animals by providing them with a large space
be higher than these reported values. with a better living environment.
October 2022 08
