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This image shows an overview of the shotgun sequence of the newly synthesized DNA
sequencing procedure, where DNA is copied, strand is determined, as shown above the
broken, sequenced, and computationally peaks(https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicp
analyzed to figure out the original genetic age/dna-sequencing-technologies-key-to-the-
sequence(https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/20 human-828/).
19/lessons-from-the-human-genome-project/)
. Facts of delight
The shotgun method uses restriction enzymes
to fragment DNA and then the overlapping The research not only focused on the causes
DNA assembles forming the absolute set of of diseases and disabilities but also on the
sequences. genes and genetic markers that seem to be
associated with other human characteristics
The Sanger sequence is based on four reaction such as weight, metabolism, learning ability,
mixtures each containing template DNA, sexual orientation and various emotional
primers, DNA polymerase, behaviours. Due to the similarities in the
deoxyribonucleotides and DNA probes. human genome, one can predict that
Capillary gel electrophoresis is carried out to humankind originated from the same source.
separate fragments according to size and an These have renewed the hypothesis of human
electropherogram issues the output of the migration from Africa, the birthplace of
genetic coding sequence (Carrilho, 2002). mankind to other continents of the world
millions of years ago (Mukhopadhyay, 2016).
How does the human genome project affect
the world
The HGP has immensely aided to understand
the biological basis of complex disorders
resulting from multiple genetic and
environmental influences such as cardiac
disorders, Diabetes mellitus, psychological
diseases and malignancies. The constructed
sequence map allows scientists to find
a. DNA polymerase binds to a single- specific genes, characteristic DNA regions
stranded DNA template (blue) and synthesizes controlling the activity of genes and the
a complementary strand of DNA (red). association of DNA structure to its function.
b. When DNA polymerase randomly The first gene to be mapped by HPG was
incorporates a fluorescently labelled ddNTP BRCA1, which is the predisposing gene for
base, synthesis terminates. This step produces breast cancer.
a mixture of newly synthesized DNA strands
that differ in length by a single nucleotide. At present the multi-billion-dollar,13-
Each strand is labelled at the 3′ end with a yearlong toilsome effort has evolved to a
fluorescently labelled ddNTP base. matter of hours and a person can get his
c. The DNA mixture is separated by genome sequenced for about $1000.This
electrophoresis. revolutionary finding has pushed the world
d. The electropherogram results show peaks towards medicine that is predictive,
representing the colour and signal intensity of preventive, personalized and participatory
each DNA band. From these data, the (Hood and Rowen, 2013).

October 2022 05